Neurological Disorders That Can Cause Balance Problems

Stability and coordination might be affected by age or neurological disorders affecting balance. Vestibular imbalance or disturbance can be caused by complications in the inner ear, brain, nerves, or muscles, and it can cause standing, walking, or even moving challenges. One should consult a doctor or a specialist if they or a close one feels that he/she has balance issues; it is possible to manage the problem and avoid falls.The physical therapists at FYZICAL Marietta located in Marietta, GA, have great experience in balance therapy marrieta assessing and managing gait and balance disorders in older adults of different etiology. This article will look at some of the neurological disorders that affect the balance and mobility of an individual.

Vestibular Disorders

The inner ear houses the vestibular system, which includes the semi-circular canals that control balance and spatial orientation. Damage to the vestibular system can lead to vertigo, dizziness and movement disorders and balance problems. Common vestibular disorders include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis and Meniere's disease. 

With BPPV, crystals in the inner ear become dislodged and cause dizziness with position changes. Labyrinthitis involves inflammation of the inner ear. Vestibular neuritis damages the vestibular nerve. Meniere's disease leads to fluid buildup and swelling. Vestibular rehabilitation through specialized exercises can help compensate for inner ear problems.

Neurological Conditions

Many neurological conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord or nerves can impair balance and coordination. These include stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, ataxia, normal pressure hydrocephalus and Huntington's disease. A stroke damages brain cells, potentially impacting motor control and balance. Multiple sclerosis (MS) damages the myelin sheath around nerves, interfering with signaling.

 Parkinson's disease affects dopamine production, leading to tremors and rigidity. Dementia impacts memory, thinking, and motor skills. Ataxia is a lack of muscle control caused by damage to the cerebellum. Normal pressure hydrocephalus arises from a buildup of cerebrospinal fluid. Huntington's involves progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. Physical and occupational therapy can help strengthen muscles and retrain balance reactions.

Musculoskeletal Disorders

Balance disorders in the elderly of the muscles, joints or bones can affect balance and stability. Arthritis, muscle weakness, foot problems like plantar fasciitis, injuries from falls and joint replacements can contribute to balance deficits. Osteoarthritis causes joint pain, stiffness and damage that impairs mobility. Muscle weakness, especially in the core and lower body, reduces stability. 

Plantar fasciitis is inflammation of the foot's connective tissue. Prior injuries, like hip fractures, alter balance and gait patterns. Knee or hip replacements change proprioception. Strengthening exercises, assistive devices like canes or walkers, and orthotics can help in these cases.

Aging

Aging naturally leads to some decline in systems like vision, muscle strength, reflexes, and flexibility, which can affect balance. Reduced proprioception, slower reflexes to correct missteps, and decreased mobility put older adults at greater risk of falls. 

Chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, or osteoporosis also contribute. Staying active through Tai Chi, yoga, dancing, walking or other exercises helps maintain strength and balance. Home modifications, vision aids, proper footwear, and mobility devices help seniors remain steady.

Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy is the damage or dysfunction of the peripheral nerves and is likely to affect balance and coordination. Diabetes, infections, trauma, metabolic disorders of acid base balance, or toxins usually cause this condition. The signs of peripheral neuropathy may include numbness, tingling, sharp pains and muscle weakness in the affected area, usually in the hands and feet. Therefore, these sensory and motor dysfunctions can create difficulties in balance, especially in the dark or on an irregular surface.

 Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy are usually treated by addressing the root cause, medication for pain control, physical therapy for balance disorders to strengthen muscles and control movement, and walking aids to support the patient’s mobility. Hence, early diagnosis and treatment are recommended to avoid worsening of the condition and enhance the patient’s quality of life.

Conclusion

Vestibular balance disorders can arise from issues in the vestibular system, brain, nerves or muscles. Vestibular problems within the inner ear, neurological conditions such as stroke or MS, musculoskeletal disorders like arthritis and natural aging processes can all contribute to balance deficits. Physical and occupational therapy, assistive devices, exercise programs and home modifications can help improve stability and prevent dangerous falls.

 If you are experiencing chronic dizziness or unsteadiness, consult your doctor and physical therapist to identify the cause and create a tailored treatment plan. The experts at the balance disorders clinic Physical Therapy Marietta can perform thorough evaluations and provide customized therapy to address balance disorders and improve mobility.